HARVARD REFERENCING EXAMPLES
RMIT University Library
Updated: June 2017
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
1. Confirm referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer, and
2. Use Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton QLD to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on this publication.
Harvard is an author-date referencing style. You need to follow this style when acknowledging your information sources.
Harvard style requires in-text references and the reference list. In-text references appear within the body of the document. They include the author(s) family name and the year of publication, with extra details if required, such as page numbers. A reference list provides full details of all in-text references at the end of the document.
IN-TEXT REFERENCES
General rules
• Use in-text references to acknowledge each author or source of information (print or online) used within your writing either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote.
• In-text reference details include the author(s) family name (or company or organisation name, if the author is a company or organisation) and year of publication, with extra information if required, such as page numbers.
• Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in parentheses. For example: (Lewis & Lewis 2015). Use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning an author(s) in a sentence. For example: Lewis and Lewis (2015) … .
• When a work has two or three authors, always list all author(s) names every time the reference occurs in the text.
• When a work has four or more authors, list the first author(s) name followed by et al. For example: Haslam et al. (2013) … or (Haslam et al. 2013).
• If the author of a reference is unknown, list the reference based on the title of the work. For example: Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016).
• If the publication date of a reference is unknown, use n.d.
Direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Do not overuse direct quotes. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number. If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots (…) and another space. For example: Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that ‘changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas … will require coherent change strategies’.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.
Book with single author
Direct quote
Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that ‘changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas as hazard reduction, resource use, waste, pollution, etc. will require coherent change strategies’.
Paraphrasing
It is argued that strategies will need to be implemented to change how the areas of hazard reduction, waste and pollution are managed (Cannon 2012).
Book whose author is an organisation
Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.
Direct quote
It is critical to ‘get the policy settings right so that the private sector is able to resume its position and take over from government as the primary driver of economic growth’ (Business Council of Australia 2010, p. 7).
Paraphrasing
Business Council of Australia (2010) is in favour of stopping the stimulus and increasing productivity through job creation.
Book with no known author
In place of the author, reference the book title and the year. Italicise the book title.
Direct quote
Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004, p. 23) claims that Australia is “a major provider of international education and training services”.
Paraphrasing
Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004).
Book with two or three authors
Direct quote
Lewis and Lewis (2015, p. 4) argue ‘that the media is implicated in all health promotion strategies’.
Paraphrasing
To assist with health promotion, health care workers need an understanding of the media (Lewis & Lewis 2015).
Remember: use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets. Use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence.
Book with four or more authors
For in-text citations, give only the first author’s family name, followed by “et al.” and the publication year.
Direct quote
Haslam et al. (2013, p. 78) argues ‘that wealth accumulation matters, because it provides the financial foundation upon which to secure income …’.
Paraphrasing
Accounting numbers are used as a managerial tool (Haslam et al. 2013).
Multiple books by the same author
Order the citations of two or more works by placing the publication years after the author name in chronological order.
Paraphrasing
The adoption of creative industries has been driven by policy disclosure (Flew 2013, 2014).
Book chapter
If there is no chapter author, use the title of the chapter instead of the author details in the in-text reference and in the reference list.
If you use an edited book (where the chapters have no identifying author(s) details) in an in-text reference, use the editor(s) family name(s) as the author(s).
Direct quote
‘Business groups have been seen as both the powerhouses behind Japanese industrialization and the culprits behind Japan’s decade-long inertia’ (Ahmadjian 2006, p. 29).
Paraphrasing
Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business groups on the economy.
E-book
E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.
E-book from a Library database (HTML format)
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading or chapter number. The word chapter can be abbeviated to ch.
‘A contested concept like online game addiction has many stakeholders, and academic discourse is only one of many that influence how we think about this topic’ (Karlsen 2013, p. 29).
Paraphrasing
The topic of online gaming addiction can be considered through academic disclosure and other stakeholders (Karlsen 2013).
E-book from a webpage (HTML format)
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number, chapter number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. and the word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.
Shann (1948, ch. 1) argues that ‘neither legal restrictions nor isolation made the “settlers from convicts” better able to read the riddle of agriculture in a climate fruitful at times but fatally capricious’.
Paraphrasing
The work by Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia’s economy at the time of Governor Phillip.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author
If there is no author, cite the encyclopedia or dictionary title and the year. Italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.
The ABC system is used ‘to explain the genetic control of floral organ determination during flower development’ (Dictionary of biology 2014, ABC model entry).
Paraphrasing
During flower development, the ABC model is often used to explain how four genes can change a flower organ into another form (Dictionary of biology 2014).
Encyclopedia or dictionary entries without an author do not need to be included in the reference list.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author
Direct quote
‘One activity essential to reflection is referred to as metacognition, or thinking about thinking’ (Adams 2010, Action research entry).
Paraphrasing
When undertaking action research, the researcher reflects on the research process and what has been learnt in practice (Adams 2010).
Brochure or pamphlet
If there is no author, cite the publication title and the year. Italicise the publication title.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading.
‘Co-tenancy is the most common type of shared housing arrangement’ (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010, Co-tenancy section).
Paraphrasing
The shared household fact sheet provides information for people sharing a house or unit (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010).
Exhibition catalogue
Direct quote
Di Trocchio et al. (2011, p. 9) state that ‘ManStyle is the first exhibition in Australia to focus on international and Australian men’s fashion from the eighteenth century to the present’.
Paraphrasing
A traditional style of suit is the double-breasted pinstripe in navy (Di Trocchio et al. 2011).
Journal article with single author
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime’ 2010)).
Direct quote
Fazel (2015, p. 260) found that ‘a key moment of adjustment for refugee and asylum seeking students lies in the process of recognition by peers’.
Paraphrasing
Having mental health services based in schools can be beneficial for refugee students in adjusting to a new life (Fazel 2015).
Journal article with two or three authors
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
Direct quote
Wang and Adeli (2014, p. 8) believe ‘that the next big leap in sustainable building design should come from the integration of sustainable design ideas with smart structure technology’.
Paraphrasing
Structural engineering can be used in sustainable building design (Wang & Adeli 2014).
Journal article with four or more authors
For four or more authors, give only the first author’s family name, followed by “et al.” and the publication year in the in-text reference.
Direct quote
‘Provide scientists and scientific institutions with insights into the ingredients of successful social media engagement in science communication’ (Hwong et al. 2017, p. 480).
Paraphrasing
Hwong et al. (2017) found that using photographs, videos and hashtags on Twitter is beneficial when engaging with the science community.
E-journal articles
E-journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.
Journal article from a Library database (HTML format)
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
For four or more authors, give only the first author’s family name, followed by “et al.” and the publication year in the in-text reference.
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime’ 2010)).
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘Results broadly apply to managers in the tourism, hospitality, and service industries’ (Hosany & Martin 2012, Managerial implications section).
Paraphrasing
The expectation of tourists … (Hosany & Martin 2012).
Journal article from a webpage (HTML format)
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
For four or more authors, give only the first author’s family name, followed by “et al.” and the publication year in the in-text reference.
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime’ 2010)).
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Ogilvy (2011, para. 13) is ‘less concerned with the means, or with issues of equity, than with the aspiration in the first place’.
Paraphrasing
Ogilvy (2011) suggests that the tools and techniques for human enhancement need to be selected more carefully.
Printed newspaper article with no author
If there is no author, reference the newspaper title and the date and year (for example: 2 October 2016). Italicise the newspaper title.
A newspaper article without an author does not need to be included in the reference list.
Direct quote
‘Australia’s aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting the needs of those who rely on its services’ (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016, p. 25).
Paraphrasing
Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016).
Printed newspaper article with a known author
Direct quote
‘Australians are piling in to Melbourne’s central business district at a record rate’ (Martin 2014, p. 2).
Paraphrasing
The City of Melbourne’s population increased by 10.5 percent in the period between July 2012 and June 2013 (Martin 2014).
Newspaper article from a Library database (HTML format)
Newspaper articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as printed newspaper articles.
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a Library database, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Carney (2012, p. 23) stated that ‘it [was not] enough that Gillard would produce the measures that Wilkie wanted, she also had to guarantee that they would become law’.
Paraphrasing
The Gillard government … (Carney 2012).
Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format)
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a webpage, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘There is also the risk that the tweeting citizen journalist, unaware of court reporting laws, may include material which should be excluded’ (Banks 2010, para. 8).
Paraphrasing
Guidelines for the use of social media tools in courts … (Banks 2010).
Blog or blog post
A blog or blog post is usually referenced as you would a webpage.
If there is no author(s) name use the username instead (for example: Thesis Whisperer).
List the format of the entry (for example: blog or blog post).
If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
Direct quote
Include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
In a post about the emotions involved in undertaking a literature review, the Thesis Whisper (2013, para. 16) notes that one of the top five PhD emotions is ‘elation when you realise you know more than your supervisor about your topic and you feel brave enough to argue about it’.
Paraphrasing
When undertaking a literature review … (Thesis Whispherer 2013).
Facebook or Twitter
Social media is usually referenced as you would a website.
If there is no author’s name use the username instead.
List the name of the platform (for example: Facebook, Twitter).
If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (for example: a private Facebook page), the social media entry should be referenced as personal communication.
Direct quote
In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, the Barack Obama Twitter account stated that ‘it [is] time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy’ (Obama 2016).
Paraphrasing
Peter Smith (2015) updated his Facebook page on the 25 April with a link to …
Webpage or document
If a webpage or document does not have an author(s) (individual or corporate), start with the title of the document in italics followed by the date.
The author may be the same as the organisation hosting the website.
If there is no date, use n.d.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
The tables are intended ‘to aid technical decisions with respect to the national vaccination schedule’ (World Health Organization 2014, para. 8).
Paraphrasing
For immunization program recommendations refer to the information maintained by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization 2014).
Australian Bureau of Statistics report
For author details, use the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics rather than the abbreviation ABS.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘A major driving force in human activity is the desire for optimal health, better living conditions and improved quality of life’ (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Society section).
Paraphrasing
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) the life expectancy for a female born in 2010 will be 84 years.
Government report
Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
This ‘review provides an opportunity to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from the first five years of the TEQSA Act’s operation’ (Department of Education and Training, para. 3).
Paraphrasing
The review into the impact of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 will examine … (Department of Education and Training 2016).
Standards Australia standard (direct quote)
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘For single or upper storey construction, the spacing of bracing elements, measured at right angles to elements, shall not exceed 9000 mm’ (Standards Australia 2010, p. 11).
Paraphrasing
For procedures and practices relating to timber framed constructions in non-cyclonic areas refer to … (Standards Australia 2010).
Company, industry or market report from a Library database
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘Internet services are provided via dial-up, integrated services digital network (ISDN) and fixed broadband connections’ (Lo 2016, p. 2).
Paraphrasing
Lo (2016) claims that the industry will increase …
Company, industry or market report from a website
Where there is no author, use the name of the company or organisation responsible for the report.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘Coles is our largest consumer business and its relationship with food and grocery suppliers in Australia continues to be the focus of some attention’ (WesFarmers Limited 2015, Sourcing section).
Paraphrasing
Wesfarmers Limited (2015) are wanting to engage with the community to limit environmental impact.
DVD film or television program
Reference the title of the film or television program in italics followed by the date of the production.
Direct quote
‘You [are] not an artist, Coco. You [are] a shopkeeper’ (Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010).
Paraphrasing
Based on the novel of the same name, Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2010) follows the relationship between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky.
Podcast
If the author(s) of the podcast is unknown, reference the title of the podcast and the year of the broadcast. Italicise the podcast title.
Direct quote
Isherwood (2012) stated that ‘problem solving drives creativity …’.
Paraphrasing
In a guest lecture, Isherwood (2012) spoke about creativity in advertising.
Streaming video
If the author(s) of the streaming video is unknown, reference the title of the video and the year of the broadcast. Italicise the video title.
Direct quote
‘Subject guides are mini-websites for each subject area. They show you all the best places to look for information on what [you are] studying’ (RMIT University 2014).
Paraphrasing
Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking (2012) explores the concept of what is design thinking.
Image
An image can be a photograph, a diagram or figure, a graph or table, a map or original artwork.
For information on how to reference an image, refer to the Library’s guide on Harvard Referencing for Visual Materials [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual]
To reference an original piece of artwork that has been viewed, refer to the Original Artworks tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/original-artworks]
To reference a figure or table (including data in a table), refer to the Figures and Tables tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/figures-and-tables]
To reference an image (such as a photograph) from a book, refer to the Images within Books tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/images-within-the-books]
To reference an image (such as a photograph) from a Library database, refer to the Images from a Database tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/images-from-a-database]
To reference an image (such as a photograph) from a webpage, refer to the Images on the Internet tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/images-on-the-internet]
To reference a map, refer to the Maps tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/maps]
For an example of a reference list using images, refer to the Example reference list/Bibliography tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/example-reference-list/bibliography]
Conference paper
Generally, conference papers are published within conference proceedings, either online or in print. In most cases, a conference paper (rather than the conference proceedings) will be used as a reference.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or a section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
‘Focusing on self-leadership skill awareness and development, the unit thus requires that students engage in a critical self-reflection process’ (Gudmundsson & Laing 2011, p. 108).
Paraphrasing
Gudmunsson and Laing (2011) argue that for a successful blended learning environment students need support.
Dataset
If available, include a reference point (for example figure number or table number) in the in-text reference for the dataset. The word figure can be abbreviated to fig.
Paraphrasing
Using the daily rainfall dataset … (Bureau of Meteorology 2016).
Lecture notes / course materials
Materials from your course may include lecture notes, PowerPoint slides or presentations.
Direct quote
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number, section heading or slide number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
By the end of the course, ‘students will be able to read a newspaper article in Italian’… (Sample 2016, Learning outcomes section).
Giving consideration to the ‘cultural, economic and social issues of indigenous communities is an important step in the decision making process … ‘ (Sample 2017, slide 4).
Paraphrasing
Sample (2016) outlines the topics to be covered this semester.
The rights of indigenous people include … (Sample 2017).
Legal material and patents
Direct quote
For a piece of legislation, include the location of the quote using a section or subsection number or a regulation or sub-regulation number. The words section or sections can be abbreviated to s. or ss. The words regulation or regulations can be abbreviated to r. or rr. Use the full words of section(s) or regulation(s) at the start of a sentence.
For a legal case, include the location of the quote using a page number. To specify a page number, use the word ‘at’ rather than p. For example: Beasley v Francis (2008) 237 CLR 1 at 72-8. If no page number is available, use a paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Section 55 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) states that ‘…there is a guarantee that the goods are reasonably fit for any disclosed purpose, and for any purpose for which the supplier represents that they are reasonably fit…’.
Paraphrasing
The Australian Copyright Council initiated a test case against the University of NSW (University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1).
Thesis
Direct quote
Khoo (2013, p. 4) argues that ‘the idea of a responsive and form-changing architectural surface challenges the materiality of a physical architecture’.
Paraphrasing
The research conducted by Khoo (2013) examines … .
Multiple works by the same author(s) in the same year
Insert a letter (starting with the letter ‘a’) after the year. In the reference list, include the same letter after each year of publication.
It is argued that … (Jamison 1991a).
Jamison (1991b) states that …
Jamison (1991a, 1991b) provides chiropractic information for diagnosing and health promotion.
Multiple citations in a single sentence
List all citations alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon (;).
It has been claimed that … (Carroll 2012; Chalkley et al. 2012; Kuratko, Goldsby & Hornsby 2012).
Personal communication
Include personal communication, such as face-to-face interviews, conversations, telephone calls, letters or emails, in an in-text reference.
Information about personal communication must be included in the in-text reference. Include the type of personal communication (for example, personal conversation, email, interview, telephone conversation) and the date in a date-month-year format.
Personal conversation can be abbreviated to pers. conv. and a telephone conversation can be abbreviated to tel. conv.
However, personal communication references do not need to be included in the reference list.
My field placement supervisor commented ‘… ‘ (CM Burns 2014, pers. conv., 20 April).
Ms Merrick (Melville Shire Council CEO) confirmed the details by email on 25 April 2014.
Secondary citations
Use a secondary citation to acknowledge the work of an author(s) that you have read about in another author(s) work.
In the in-text reference, include the original source of information and the source you have read. For example, if an article by Hosany and Martin you are reading cites Heath and Scott, refer to both Heath & Scott and Hosany & Martin.
Early research indicated … (Heath & Scott, cited in Hosany & Martin 2012).
Heath and Scott (cited in Hosany & Martin 2012) claim that …
In the reference list, include only the source you have read.
REFERENCE LIST
General rules
• Use a reference list at the end of the document to include the publication details of all the in-text references within your writing.
• Start a reference list on a new page using the heading References or Reference List.
• List only references included in your writing.
• If your lecturer/teacher or supervisor has also requested a bibliography, list any other sources that you have read but not included in your writing under a heading of Bibliography.
• The reference list is arranged alphabetically by the family name of the author. If the author of a reference is a company or organisation, list the reference based on the first letter of the company or organisation name.
• If there are multiple entries by the same author, then arrange chronologically starting with the earliest year of publication.
• If there are several authors with the same family name, then arrange alphabetically by initials.
• If the author of a reference is unknown, list the reference based on the title of the work.
• If the place of publication is not commonly known (for example: Harlow) or the place of publication could be located in two or more countries, additional information is required.
• For Australia and the United States, add the abbreviated name of the State. For example: Fitzroy, VIC or Delmar, NY
• For the United Kingdom, add the abbreviation UK. For example: Harlow, UK
• For other countries, add the name of the country.
Example of reference list
Below is an example of a reference list displaying various resource types including a book, DVD, journal article, legislation, newspaper article, report, social media entry and thesis.
Reference List
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia’s progress: summary indicators, cat. no. 1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.
Carney, S 2012, ‘Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers’, The Age, 26 May, p. 23, viewed 27 September 2016, ProQuest database.
Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, DVD, Madman Entertainment, Richmond, VIC, directed by Jan Kounen.
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).
Jamison, JR 1991a, Diagnostic decision making in clinical practice, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
Jamison, JR 1991b, Health promotion for chiropractic practice, Aspen, Gaithersburg, MD.
Khoo, CK 2013, ‘Morphing architecture with responsive material systems’, PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne, <https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:160591>.
Lewis, B & Lewis, J 2015, Health communication: a media and cultural studies approach, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education: the team is everything, Facebook, 25 April, viewed 16 June 2015, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Peter-P-Smith/196037770427320>.
‘Tackling knife crime’ 2010, The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.
Taylor, CM, Karunaratne, CV & Xie, N 2012, ‘Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual discoveries’, Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 757-767.
World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization – summary tables, World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014, <http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/>.
Books
Book with single author
Use the initial(s) of the author’s given name(s).
Cannon, T 2012, Corporate responsibility governance, compliance and ethics in a sustainable environment, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.
Book with an edition number
For a book with an edition number, add the number and the abbreviation ‘edn’ after the title of the book. There is no need to include edition information if a book is a first edition, or if no edition is mentioned.
Cannon, T 2012, Corporate responsibility governance, compliance and ethics in a sustainable environment, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.
Book whose author is an organisation
Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.
Business Council of Australia 2010, Balancing act: fiscal and policy priorities to support growth: BCA budget submission 2010-11, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.
Book with no author
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the book (italicised), followed by the year, publisher and place of publication.
Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004, Business/Higher Education Round Table, Fitzroy, VIC.
Book with multiple authors
List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initial of each authors’ given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Haslam, C, Andersson, T, Tsitsianis, N & Yin, YP 2013, Redefining business models: strategies for a financialized world, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Multiple books by the same author(s)
Arrange works by the same author by year of publication, with the earliest year first. Use the initial of the author’s given name(s).
Flew, T 2013, Global creative industries, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
Flew, T 2014, New media, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne
Book chapter
For a book chapter, use (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors. Use the editor(s) name with initials before the family name.
Enclose the chapter title in single inverted commas (quotation marks). After the chapter title, insert the word ‘in’ before the name of the editor(s). Add page numbers after the place of publication.
Ahmadjian, CL 2006, ‘Japanese business groups: continuity in the face of change’, in S Chang (ed), Business groups in East Asia: financial crisis, restructuring, and new growth, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 29-51.
Edited book
Generally, an edited book will only appear in a bibliography list. In the bibliography list, for an edited book, add (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
If you have used an edited book as part of an in-text reference and need to add the book details to a reference list, use the same format as the bibliography list entry.
Lubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA.
e-Book
E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.
e-Book from a Library database (HTML format only)
For e-books in HTML format and sourced from RMIT University Library databases, use the name of the e-book collection (for example: ProQuest Ebook Central) instead of the place of publication.
Karlsen, F 2013, A world of excesses: online games and excessive playing, Routledge, ProQuest Ebook Central.
For e-books sourced from e-readers, replace the place of publication with the name of the e-reader device (for example: Kindle).
e-Book from a website (HTML format only)
For e-books in HTML format and sourced from the internet, add the viewed date and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) rather than the place of publication.
Shann, E 1948, An economic history of Australia, Cambridge University Press, viewed 16 November 2016, <http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1300861h.html#ch-0>.
Encyclopedia and dictionary entries
For an encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author, enclose the title of the entry in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.
If the encyclopedia or dictionary is edited, use the editor’s name with initials before the family name and insert the word ‘in’ before the name of the editor(s). Use (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
Adams, P 2010, ‘Action research’, in NJ Salkind (ed.) Encyclopedia of research design, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
For an encyclopedia or dictionary entry in HTML format and sourced from an RMIT University Library database, use the name of the database (for example: Oxford Reference database) instead of the place of publication.
Encyclopedia or dictionary entries without an author do not need to be included in the reference list.
Brochure or Pamphlet
As details will vary for brochures and pamphlets, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
For a brochure or pamphlet with an author, provide a description of the document.
Tenants Union of Victoria 2010, Shared households, pamphlet, Tenants Union of Victoria, Fitzroy, VIC.
If there is no author, the publication title should be listed first. Italicise the publication title. Include publisher and place of publication information (if available).
Exhibition catalogue
As details will vary for exhibition catalogues, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
For an exhibition catalogue, provide a description of the document type. If possible, add the exhibition dates after the document type. For example: exhibition catalogue, 11 March – 27 November.
Di Trocchio, P, Jocic, L, Leong, R, Somerville, K & Whitfield, D 2011, Manstyle: men + fashion, exhibition catalogue, 11 March – 27 November, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
If there is no author, the publication title should be listed first. Italicise the publication title. Include publisher and place of publication information (if available).
Journal articles
Journal article with a single author
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as articles from printed journals.
For a journal article with a single author, list the author details as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of the author’s given name(s).
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Fazel, M 2015, ‘A moment of change: facilitating refugee children’s mental health in UK schools’, International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 41, pp. 255-261.
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume, issue (if supplied), page details.
`Tackling knife crime’ 2010, The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.
Journal article with two or three authors
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.
For a journal article with two or three authors, list all authors as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of each authors’ given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Wang, N & Adeli, H 2014, ‘Sustainable building design’, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
Journal article with four or more authors
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.
For a journal article with four or more authors, list all authors as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of each authors’ given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Hwong, Y-L, Oliver, C, Van Kranedonk, M & Sammut, C 2017, ‘What makes you tick? The psychology of social media engagement in space science communication’, Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 68, pp. 480-492.
Journal article from a Library database [HTML format only)
Journal articles from online databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as articles from printed journals.
For a journal article in HTML format and sourced from a Library database, list all authors as they appear in the journal article. Use the initial of each authors’ given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers if available after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 May 2012) and the database name (for example: ProQuest database) after the page numbers (if available).
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection.
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume details (if supplied), issue details (if supplied), page numbers (if available), viewed date, Database name.
Journal article from a webpage [HTML format only)
For a journal article in HTML format and sourced from a webpage, list all authors as they appear in the journal article. Use the initial of each authors’ given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Ogilvy, J 2011, ‘Human enhancement and the computational metaphor’, Journal of Evolution & Technology, vol. 22, no. 1, viewed 11 June 2012, <http://jetpress.org/v22/ogilvy.htm>.
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume details (if supplied), issue details (if supplied), page numbers (if available), viewed date, URL address.
Newspaper articles
Printed newspaper article (with no author)
A newspaper article without an author does not need to appear in your reference list.
Printed newspaper article (with a known author)
For a newspaper article with an author, enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the newspaper title. Include the publication date (for example: 7 April) and page number(s) after the newspaper title.
Martin, P 2014, ‘Melbourne tops nation’s growth rate: population record rise in city dwellers’, The Age, 7 April, p. 2.
Newspaper article from a Library database (HTML format only)
Newspaper articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as printed newspaper articles.
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a Library database, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).
For a newspaper article in HTML format and sourced from a Library database, enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the newspaper title.
Include the publication date (for example: 26 May) and page number(s) (if available) after the newspaper title.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the database name (for example: ProQuest database) after the page number(s) (if available).
Carney, S 2012, ‘Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers’, The Age, 26 May, p. 23, viewed 27 September 2016, ProQuest database.
Newspaper article from a webpage (HTML format only)
Newspaper articles from a webpage with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as printed newspaper articles.
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a webpage, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).
For a newspaper article in HTML format and sourced from a webpage, enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the newspaper title.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the publication date (if available).
Banks, D 2010, ‘Tweeting in court: why reporters must be given guidelines’, The Guardian, 15 December, viewed 25 November 2015, <http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/dec/15/tweeting-court-reporters-julian-assange>.
Internet sources and social media
Blog
A blog or blog post is usually referenced as you would a website.
Include the author(s) details. If there is no author’s name use the username instead (for example: Thesis Whisperer).
After the author(s) or username details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
For a blog post only, the title of the blog post should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
The title of the blog should be italicised.
Include the name of the platform (for example: blog or blog post)
For a blog post only, add the date (for example: 3 April) of the post. If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 8 January 2014) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the format or the date (if a blog post).
Thesis Whisperer 2013, ‘Wormhole literature’, The Thesis Whisperer, blog post, 3 April, viewed 8 January 2014, <http://thesiswhisperer.com/2013/04/03/the-wormhole-incident/>.
Webber, S & Boon, S 2006, Information literacy blog, blog, viewed 8 January 2014, <http://information-literacy.blogspot.com>.
Facebook or Twitter
Social media is usually referenced as you would a website.
Include the author(s) details. If there is no author’s name use the username instead.
After the author(s) or username details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
Add the first few words (for example: up to ten words) of the social media entry (for example: a Facebook post or tweet). Italicise the social media entry.
Include the name of the platform (for example: Facebook or Twitter)
Add the date (for example: 17 May) of the social media entry. If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 19 May 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the date of the social media entry.
Obama, B 2016, It’s time for Senate leaders to put politics aside …, Twitter, 17 May, viewed 19 May 2016, <https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/732589315478290432>.
Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education the team is everything, Facebook, 25 April, viewed 16 June 2015, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Peter-P-Smith/196037770427320>.
For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (for example: a private Facebook page), the social media entry should be referenced as personal communication.
Website page or document
If there is no author(s) (individual or corporate) details available, start with the title of the webpage or document in italics.
After the author(s) (individual or corporate) details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
Include the name of the publisher of the webpage or document after the title and before the viewed date. The publisher can also be the same as the author.
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 1 May 2014) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization – summary tables, World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014, <http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/>.
The author may be the same as the organisation hosting the website.
Reports and standards
Australian Bureau of Statistics report from the ABS website
For author details, use the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics rather than the abbreviation ABS.
Italicise the report title. Include the catalogue number after the report title. The words catalogue number can be abbreviated to cat. no.
Include the publication details. The abbreviation ABS can be used for the name of the publisher.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 6 October 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia’s progress: summary indicators, cat. no. 1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.
For an Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), there is no need to include a viewed date or URL address as part of the reference list entry.
Government report
Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament.
Italicise the report title. Include the report number or series code (if supplied) after the report title. For example: P.P. series no. 31, session 2010-11. Include details of the organisation sponsoring or issuing the report series (if supplied) before the publication details.
Include the publication details (if supplied).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 16 December 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Department of Education and Training 2016, Review of the impact on the higher education sector of the TEQSA Act, viewed 16 December 2016, <https://www.education.gov.au/review-impact-higher-education-sector-teqsa-act>.
For a Government report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), there is no need to include a viewed date or URL address as part of the reference list entry.
Standard from the Standards Australia database
Italicise the standard’s title.
Include the number of the standard after the title (for example: AS 1684.2-2010).
Include the viewed date (for example: 28 September 2012).
Add the name of the Standards Australia database (SAI Global database) rather than the URL address.
Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber-framed construction – non-cyclonic areas, AS 1684.2-2010, viewed 28 September 2012, SAI Global database.
Company, industry or market report from a Library database
Italicise the report title. Include the report number (if available) in brackets after the report title.
Include the resource type (for example company profile) after the report title and report number if available).
After the resource type, include the publisher of the report (if available) (for example: IBISWorld).
For company, industry or marketing reports sourced from RMIT University Library databases, add the viewed date (for example: viewed 6 October 2016) and the database name (for example: Marketline).
Lo, B 2016, Internet service providers in Australia (Report No. J5911), industry report, IBISWorld, viewed 6 October 2016, IBISWorld database.
Where there is no author, use the organisation responsible for the report
MarketLine Limited 2015, Credit Cards in Canada, industry profile, MarketLine Limited, viewed 6 October 2016, MarketLine database.
Company, industry or market report from a website
Italicise the report title. Include the report number (if available) in brackets after the report title.
Include the resource type (for example company profile) after the report title and report number if available).
After the resource type, include the publisher of the report (if available) (for example: IBISWorld).
For company, industry or marketing reports sourced from a website, add the viewed date (for example: viewed 16 April 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Wesfarmers Limited 2015, Sustainability report 2015, company report, Wesfarmers Limited, viewed 16 April 2016, <http://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/>.
Audio visual material
DVD film or television program
Italicise the title of the film or television program.
Specify the multimedia format after the date of recording. For example: DVD or television program.
Include the publisher or distributor details. For example: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, Culver City, CA or SBS Television, Sydney.
Add any other useful information after the publisher (or distributor) details. For example: directed by or starring… The abbreviation n.d. may be used where the date of publication is unknown.
For a television program, include the series title (if applicable) after the multimedia format. For example: Australian Story or Insight.
Also for a television program, add the date of broadcast in day and month format (for example: 17 October) after the publisher details.
Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, DVD, Madman Entertainment, Richmond, VIC, directed by Jan Kounen.
When plans change (part 1) 2016, television program, Australian Story, ABC TV, Sydney, 17 October.
Podcast
Italicise the title of the podcast. Specify the multimedia format after the date of recording. For example: podcast or radio program.
Include publisher details (if supplied) after the multimedia format. For example: ABC Radio, Sydney.
Add the date of broadcast in day and month format (for example: 12 September) and a viewed date (for example: viewed 5 June 2014). Include the URL of a page where the podcast can be obtained or subscribed to in angled brackets (< and >).
Isherwood, B 2012, Where ideas come from, podcast, 12 September, viewed 5 June 2014, <http//itunesu.rmit.edu.au/node/862>.
Fidler, R 2016, Tim Ferguson: why comedy is not just for laughs, radio program, 702 ABC Radio, Sydney, 16 December, viewed 20 December 2016, <https://radio.abc.net.au/programitem/pe8LwEmpX3>.
Streaming video
For a streaming video, if the author(s) is unknown, reference the title and the year of the video. Italicise the video title.
Specify the format or platform after the date of the video. For example: streaming video or YouTube.
Include the publisher details (if supplied) after the format or platform. For example: RMIT University, Melbourne.
Add the date of publication (if supplied) in day and month format (for example: 8 October) after the format or platform and before the publisher details (if supplied).
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 23 March 2014) and the URL address of the video enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking 2012, streaming video, Muris Media, San Francisco, viewed 23 March 2014, <https://rmit-kanopystreaming-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/video/design-and-thinking>.
RMIT University 2014, What’s a library subject guide? YouTube, 8 October, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 18 April 2016, <https://youtu.be/IXo58MojuKI>.
Images
An image can be a photograph, a diagram or figure, a graph or table, a map or original artwork.
For information on how to reference an image, refer to the Library’s guide on Harvard Referencing for Visual Materials [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual]
To reference an original piece of artwork that has been viewed, refer to the Original Artworks tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/original-artworks]
To reference a figure or table (including data in a table), refer to the Figures and Tables tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/figures-and-tables]
To reference an image (such as a photograph) from a book, refer to the Images within a Book tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/images-within-the-books]
To reference an image (such as a photograph) from a Library database, refer to the Images from a Database tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/images-from-a-database]
To reference an image (such as a photograph) from a webpage, refer to the Images on the Internet tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/images-on-the-internet]
To reference a map, refer to the Maps tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/maps]
For an example of a reference list using images, refer to the Example reference list/Bibliography tab [http://rmit.libguides.com/harvardvisual/example-reference-list/bibliography]
Other sources
Conference paper from a webpage
A conference paper from a webpage will generally be sourced from the conference’s website or the website of the organisation hosting the conference.
For a conference paper from a webpage, enclose the title of the conference paper in single inverted commas.
Capitalise and italicise the name of the conference. For example: Space Safety is No Accident The 7th IAASS Conference.
Include the name of the conference host (for example: Curtin University), location and date of the conference. Include page numbers (if available).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 5 August 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the name of the conference host, location and date of the conference (if supplied).
Gudmundsson, A & Laing, L 2011, ‘Facilitating student self-reflection in a blended learning environment’, in ATN Assessment Conference 2011 Proceedings, Curtin University, Perth, 20 – 21 October, pp. 107-16, viewed 5 August 2016, <http://ctl.curtin.edu.au/events/conferences/atna2011/files/ATNA_2011_Proceedings.pdf>.
Conference paper from a library database
For a conference paper sourced from a library database, include the title of the conference paper in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Capitalise and italicise the name of the conference. For example: Space Safety is No Accident The 7th IAASS Conference.
Include the publisher name (for example: CSIRO Publishing) and the database name (for example: EBSCOhost eBook) rather than the name of the conference host, location and date of the conference.
Chaudhary, B 2015, ‘Unconventional methods for space debris removal’, Space Safety is No Accident The 7th IAASS Conference, Springer International Publishing, SpringerLink eBook database, pp. 49-58.
Conference paper from printed conference proceedings
For conference papers sourced from printed conference proceedings, use the guidelines for a chapter from an edited book.
If the title of the conference proceedings contains the name of the conference, capitalise the name of the conference. For example: Geospatial data in a changing world selected papers of the 19th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science.
Wang, J, Wood, Z & Worboys, M 2016, ‘Conflict in pedestrian networks’ in T Sarjakoski, MY Santos, LT Sarjakoski (eds), Geospatial data in a changing world selected papers of the 19th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science, Springer, Switzerland, pp. 261-278.
Dataset
For an online dataset, if there is no author(s) (individual or corporate) details available, start with the dataset title in italics. After the author(s) (individual or corporate) details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
Include the series title (if supplied) after the dataset title. Include the resource type (for example: data file) after the title or series title (if supplied). Add the publication details (if supplied) after the resource type. For example: Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne.
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 17 November 2011) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Bureau of Meteorology 2016, High-quality Australian daily rainfall, Australia’s climate change datasets, data file, Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, viewed 16 December 2016, <ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/home/ncc/www/change/HQdailyR/>.
Lecture notes or course materials
Materials from your course may include lecture notes, PowerPoint slides or presentations.
The title of the course material should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks). The title of the course material should not be italicised.
Include the type of course material (for example: lecture notes, PowerPoint slides or presentations) after the title.
For online course material, add the course code or course name and the University name. Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 18 April 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Sample, S 2016, ‘Introduction to your course’, lecture notes, COURSECODE, RMIT University, viewed 18 April 2016, <https://my.rmit.edu.au/portal/myStudies/#/lecturenotes/week1>.
For printed course material, add the course code or course name, the University name and the place of publication (if not inferred by the University name).
Sample, S 2017, ‘Human rights in indigenous communities’, PowerPoint slides, COURSECODE, RMIT University, Melbourne.
Legal material and patents
The title of a legal case, a piece of legislation or a patent should be italicised.
For a legal case, include the year of the case, the volume number of the report series, the abbreviated name of the report series and the page number that the case begins with in the report series. For example: (2008) 237 CLR 1.
University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1.
For a piece of legislation, include the jurisdiction in brackets after the title. The name of the jurisdiction can be abbreviated. For example: Commonwealth can be abbreviated to (Cth).
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).
For a patent, include the patent number after the title.
Gupta, BB & Kasapis, S 1997, Water-continuous spread, US Patent 5614245.
Thesis viewed online
For a thesis viewed online, the title should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
The title of the thesis should not be italised. Include the place of publication if it is not inferred by the University name.
For a thesis sourced from a research repository, include the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
Khoo, CK 2013, ‘Morphing architecture with responsive material systems’, PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne, <https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:160591>.
Thesis from a library database
For a thesis sourced from a Library database, add the database name (for example: ProQuest) rather than the URL address.
Hallaq, TG 2013, ‘Evaluating online media literacy in higher education: Validity and reliability of the digital online media literacy assessment (DOMLA), Doctor of Education thesis, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ProQuest database.
Print Thesis
For a print thesis, provide the author’s family name and initial(s) followed by the year.
Include the title of the thesis enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks) but not italicised.
Add the award (for example: PhD thesis) and the University name followed by the place of publication (if not inferred by the University name).
Snelling, P 2013, ‘Digital craftsmanship: The augmentation and customisation of printed textiles’, PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne.
Secondary citation
Use a secondary citation to acknowledge the work of an author(s) that you have read about in another author(s) work.
In the reference list, include only the source you have read. For example, if an article by Hosany and Martin you are reading cites Heath and Scott, you would only need to include the Hosany and Martin reference.
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691.
